Australia-Nicole+Ebaugh

Website Used: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html

HDI Rank: 0.962 value Rank 3 GDP: 37,500 (2007 est.) Primary Sector Jobs: Farming, ranching, mining, winery, agriculture Secondary Sector Jobs: Industrial, transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel Tertiary Sector Jobs: Teachers, nurses, lawyers, doctors, psychologists Raw Materials: Wheat, barley, fruits, cattle, sheep, poultry Consumer Goods: tobacco, Mobile Telephones, Computers, Radios, Televisions, Motor Vehicles, Books, Furniture, Electrical Appliances Education: Enrollment: 17% of population Primary: 1.9 million Secondary: 0.9 million Post-Secondary: 0.4 million Attainment: Secondary Diploma: <69% Post-Secondary Diploma: 34% Literacy Total: 99% Male: 99% Female: 99% (2003 est.) Life Expectancy Total: 80.62 years Male: 77.75 years Female: 83.63 years Infant Mortality Rate Total: 4.57 deaths/ 1000 live births Male: 4.95 deaths/ 1000 live births Female: 4.16 deaths/ 1000 live births Natural Increase Rate: 4.46% Crude Birth Rate: 12.02 births/ 1000 population (2007 est.) GDI Rank: 0.962 (2005 est.)

Industry: Website used:http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/index.htm

Types of industry: Agriculture and Food, Energy, Fishing And Aquaculture, Minerals and Petroleum, Science, Research and Development, Trade and Investment.

Site Factors:
 * Large percentage of uninhibited land- hurts industry because there is a lot of land but not a lot of consumers within range.
 * Large percentage of uninhibited land- also helps industry because there is a large amount of uncorrupted natural resources/ raw materials which limits the price of importing because Australia already has the materials necessary
 * Warm climate, helps industry because it provides fair weather conditions for natural resources and agriculture
 * Ocean surrounded country helps industry because water is a resource
 * Water provides means for transportation of goods

Situational Factors:
 * Surrounding of water also hurts industry by yielding close ties with other countries
 * Australia is a major tourist attraction, therefore industries may benefit by situating production near cities and hotels
 * Placement of industry within rural areas of Australia would be beneficial to the residents whom live away from the coast, therefore profit would be made by the company
 * Australia's placement on the water gives them easy access to water transportation
 * Australia's placement keeps them distant from America, however most of their popular customs originate from the U.S.

Resources: Website used: http://www.uic.com.au/nip37.htm http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/pollution/index.html

Energy used: Much of the energy exported from Australia is used for generating electricity overseas; three times as much black coal is exported as is used in Australia, and all of the uranium production is exported.

Australia also exports a significant amount of energy in mineral products. Exports of aluminium metal* alone embed some 23 TWh of electricity per year, about 10% of the country's total gross production. Some 43 TWh is used in non-ferrous metals (aluminium smelter production uses 29 TWh/yr), almost half of the industry total.

Fuels for Electricity: Black coal: 54.8% Oil: 1.3% Hydro: 6.8% Gas: 14.2% Brown coal: 21.9% other: 1%

Problems associated: There are man problems associated with energy usage in Australia. Not only does pollution directly result from excessive energy usage, but also economic issues are imminent when energy is being used in high amounts. Moreover, the cost of energy in Australia is high.

Pollution issues: Website used: http://www.npi.gov.au/ Air, water, and land pollution accomodate high costs for energy usage in Australia. Coastal and marine pollution, maritime pollution, and land based marine pollution are all results of industrial waste in Australia. One major aquatic pollution issue is sea dumping, although some industries acquire permits to dump waste into the ocean, other waste sources, without permit, dump toxins and waste into the water destroying reeves and aquatic life. Also, Coastal acid sulfate soils, which are relatively harmless unless exposed to oxygen through drainage or excavation, sulfuric acid is produced in large quantities. After rain, this toxin infiltrates the water, greatly reducing its quality. SImilar to the U.S., Australia faces problems with evoking laws that protect the envoroment from industry. Factories dump tons and tons of waste into the atmosphere and enviroment every day. The pollution that inhabits the earth today will be the cause for economic downfall in years to come. Studies predict that the exhaustion of natural resources will cause industries to pay more for materials. Which will cause consumers to pay more for their products. Australia is making an effort to stop pollution: Website used: http://www.npi.gov.au/about/reduce.html#you

Industry can use NPI data to improve manufacturing processes, and can benchmark their emissions against similar facilities. Annual reporting also assists industry in documenting progress in reducing emissions and provides a measure of current environmental performance. One of the main goals of the NPI is to encourage facilities to use cleaner production techniques to reduce substance emissions and decrease waste. Reporting facilities have the option of reporting on cleaner production activities and pollution control developments that they have undertaken during the reporting year. The Carter Harvey Holt particle board mill in Tumut, New South Wales has implemented several emission reduction activities resulting in decreased emissions and better management of waste. In the NPI summary report of sixth year data 2003-04, the Toyota vehicle manufacturing facility in Altona Victoria is provided as a success story for innovative solutions introduced to help reduce substance emissions. One of the facilities that has reported reductions in emissions is the Nestlé's milk processing plant in Dennington Victoria, which upgraded burners to use natural gas and reduced emissions significantly. Emissions of particles 10 micrometres or less in diameter were reduced by 78%, while emissions of sulfur dioxide, heavy metals such as lead and compounds, nickel and compounds and cadmium and compounds, were almost eliminated. There are more case studies designed to give small to medium sized businesses easy access to information on how to improve their methods of production through implementing pollution reduction measures.

Governments can use NPI data to assist with environmental planning and management. NPI data is often used in the preparation of State of the Environment reports, and to support initiatives which help protect the environment. Pollution control is the responsibility of state and territory environment agencies.

 Australia and Brazil differentiate in styles of development in several ways. Brazil’s industries consist of Food Processing, Refining, Fish meal, Automobile Assembly, Textiles, and Mining. While, Australia’s industry consists of Agriculture and Food, Energy, Fishing and Aquaculture, Minerals and Petroleum, Science, Research and Development, Trade and Investment. The difference in the two country’s industry types result from the different site and situations that the countries possess. Also, while Brazil utilizes hydroelectric power as nearly 75% of their overall energy usage, Australia uses 54.8% of black coal as an energy source, using only about 6% hydroelectric energy. Brazil’s raw materials consist of Iron, Tin, Steel, and Lumber, while Australia’s raw materials consist of Wheat, barley, fruits, cattle, sheep, and poultry. This difference is a result of the different natural resources available to each country. Australia and Brazil are also similar in several ways. For instance, Brazil is located along the Amazon River and the Rio Grande, providing them with water as a natural resource and transportation route. Similarly, Australia is surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean. Brazil requires motorists to leave their vehicles at home at least one day a week, in efforts to encourage less pollution. Likewise, Australia has created a prototype of an alternate energy powered vehicle that will limit the amount of waste from automobiles into the atmosphere. Deforestation in a major concern for Brazil just like it is to Australia. Australia has faced conflicts with lessening availability of eucalyptus trees, which are native to Australia and necessary for many native species such as koala bears. Australia differentiates from Nigeria in many ways. For example, Nigeria’s percent of total literacy amongst its population is 68%. Australia’s total percent literacy is 99%. This is due to the poor conditions and high levels of poverty in Nigeria in comparison to the well developed educational system and benefits in Australia. Life expectancy in Niger is approximately 46 years, while life expectancy in Australia is about 75-80 years of age. Similar to education, these numbers vary so significantly because Nigeria does not have the medical advancement and technology that Australia has. Nigeria utilizes approximately 58% oil for energy, while Australia uses only about 1.3% oil for energy. This is due to the large amount of oil as a natural resource existing in Nigeria in comparison to the low amount of oil inhibiting Australia.

Australia is similar to Nigeria in many ways. For instance Australia’s HDI rank is #3 in the world, while Nigeria’s is #158. Also, Australia’s GDP per capita is $37,500, which is more than 15 times that of Nigeria ($2,200). Australia’s GDI is 0.962, which is much higher than Nigeria’s GDI of 0.456; meaning, women are viewed as more equal to men in Australia. Australia is different from Peru in several ways. For instance, Australia is ranked 3 in HDI, while Peru is ranked 87. Also, Peru’s GDP per capita is $6,600, while Australia’s GDP is $37,500. Likewise, Peru’s percent literacy is 87%, which is relatively high except when in comparison to Australia’s 99%. Unfortunately, Peru’s infant mortality rate is 20.09 births/ 1000 population, however Australia’s infant mortality low is only 4.57 deaths/ 1000 live births

. This is a direct result from the poor living conditions that are more evident in Peru than in Australia.

Australia is also similar to Peru in many ways. For example, life expectancy for both men and women in both countries is approximately 70-80 years of age. Also, Australia and Peru both suffer from water pollution as the consequence of municipal and mining waste. Peru’s tertiary jobs are very similar to that of Australia’s. Peru’s tertiary jobs consist of Education, Government, Retailing, Banking, Advertising, which are very similar to Australia’s teachers, nurses, lawyers, doctors, and psychologists. Both countries have tertiary jobs that are considered to be more common in developed areas, therefore, in that retrospect, Australia and Peru are quite similar.

Australia is one of the most similar countries to that of the United States. With that being said, Australia is an upstanding country with economic, political, social, and demographic stability for the most part. Many of Australia's popular customs originate from the United States so it makes sense that their country functions so similar to the U.S. Similar to the U.S., Australia faces problems with pollution, however, Australia has many organizations that are creating possibilities in limiting the amount of pollution in the enviroment. Unlike the U.S., Australia is fairly self-sufficent because of their water resources, and homesspun agriculture. Australia appeals to many tourists as a vacationing and retiring area, therefore a lot of money is brought in through attractions such as the beach and warm climate.

In 50 years, Australia will remain a very self- sufficent country and quite possibly grow even more so. Although Australia will never become a superpower because of its realatively small size, and positioning on the glbe in terms of globilization of goods, Australia will always be strong enough to support itself. Not only does the country have the perks of being a tourist attraction, but also the climate and water resources provide excellent growing conditions for cash crops and self sustaining crops. Australia's compact shape allows it to withhold good communication from the government to the people, and maintain a high level of structure.