Ethiopia-Curt+Gottschalk

**Ethiopia**
//HDI rank//-169/177; score-0.406 //GDP// $700.00 //Primary// //Sector// //Jobs// mining, agriculture, fishing, timber //Secondary// //Sector// //Jobs// construction, coffee, oilseed, hides, leather products //Tertiary// //Sector// //Jobs// internet service providers, coffee brokers, education, health //Raw// //Materials// gold, platinum, copper, potash, and natural gas //Consumer// //Goods// beverages, coffee, grain, clothing, agricultural tools //Education// Six years in elementary school, four years in middle school, and two years of high school. Students may also attend colleges and universities, which are funded by the government. //Literacy// 42.7% //Life Expectancy// male-48.06 years; female-50.44 years; total-49.23 years //Infant// //Mortality// //Rate// 91.92 deaths/1,000 live births //Natural// //Increase// //Rate 2//.272% //Crude// //Birth// //Rate// 37.39 births/1,000 population //GDI// score-0.393; Women are not treated equal to men in Ethiopia. They do not receive the same education or salary, mostly because in rural areas traditional ways of life have been kept alive, such as marrying at a young age and sexual abuse. More than 50% of the population currently living with AIDS, just contracted HIV, and died from the illness were women.
 * __Development__**

//Industry// beverage, textile and wool, leather, cotton, coffee //Site factors// cheap land and labor //Situational factors// landlocked, Great Rift Valley runs through country, near Red Sea and Indian Ocean
 * __Industry__**

__**Resources**__ //Energy// Ethiopia produces 97.6% of its electricity through hydropower, 1.3% through fossil fuels, and 1.2% through other means. However, very few citizens have access to electricity, and the majority of Ethiopians are directly tied to agriculture, so most receive their energy through burning wood, dung, and various crop residues. //Energy Problems// Hydropower for generating electricity is only available to a small percentage of people, thus it is useless to the masses. Since most citizens live in rural areas, they rely on leftover agricultural products, like dung and straw, none of which are efficient or highly productive. //Pollution Issues// Water and air pollution are quite serious in Ethiopia. The risk of getting an infection from water is extremely high. Recently, the capital city Addis Ababa was ranked as the world's sixth dirtiest city. This is due to improper disposal of industrial waste and poor sanitation. //What is being done// Ethiopia, being an LDC, is a very poor country and lacks the technology and funds to properly combat pollution in the country.


 * __Analysis__**

Ethiopia and the India are not on the same level at all in terms of development, yet both are technically classified as less developed. A major similarity between the two countries is their type of primary sector jobs: agriculture, timber, mining, and fishing. They are identical, for agriculture falls under the category of livestock. A second similarity is that both share a low GDP per capita. Ethiopia's is estimated at $700, and India is not too far ahead at $2,700. A third similarity is that both countries share a low literacy rate, even for less developed countries. Ethiopia's is 42.7%, and India's is 61%. Differences between these two countries include the types of tertiary jobs, consumer goods, and infant mortality rate. Ethiopia possesses virtually no tertiary jobs, while India has doctors, engineers, and scientists. In addition, where Ethiopia has practically no consumer goods, India has electronics like computers and household items like bed linens. At last, India has a low infant mortality rate, 34.61/1,000 births, while Ethiopia possesess 91.92 deaths/1,000 live births.

Ethiopia and Russia share more in common than might be thought. While Russia is a more developed nation and Ethiopia is one of the least developed in the world, both have strikingly similar life expectancies with males. A Russian male can expect to live an average of 59.12 years, and an Ethiopian male can expect to live around 48.06 years. This is a surprising statistic, since Ethiopia is so much less developed than Russia and yet has only a ten year shorter life span for males. Also similar are the countries' types of primary jobs, such as mining, timber, and agriculture. Many differences exist however, such as the natural increase rate. Ethiopia's is very high, 2.272%, since it is a LDC, while Russia's is much lower, -.484%, because it is a MDC. Another difference is the type of industry. Russia makes aircraft, steel, and machine equipment, while Ethiopia produces textiles, beverages, and leather. Two other differences are the types of energy used and the effort being done to curb pollution. Russia receives most of its energy through fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Ethiopia however devotes only 1.3% to fossil fuels, and relies heavily (97.6%) on hydropower. Yet Russia has a department focused on fighting pollution, and Ethiopia has none of the sort.

Ethiopia and Chile share a couple characteristics, one of the most prominent the heavy reliance on hydropower. A second similarity is the types of tertiary jobs, for both countries have health workers and teachers. The differences outnumber the similarities however. The demographic/social factors of literacy rate, average life expectancy, infant mortality rate, and crude birth rate are much different than those of Ethiopia. Literacy in Chile is 95.7%, compared to 42.7% in Ethiopia. The average life span in Chile is 76.96 years, and only 49.23 years in Ethiopia. Infant mortality rate in Ethiopia is 91.92/1,000 births, a much high number than in Chile where it is only 8.36/1,000 births. Finally, Ethiopia's crude birth rate is 37.39 births/1,000 population, and Chile's is significantly lower at 8.36 births/1,000 population.

Ethiopia currently is one of the least developed countries in the world, not to mention one of the poorest. With an HDI rank of 169/177 and a score of .406, it is easy to see that this country is not doing well at all compared to the entire world. This however is typical of a sub-Saharan African country, and is due a large part to its political instability. Ethiopia has been unable to develop through self-sufficiency or international trade, and its demographic factors primarily reflect this. Life expectancy (49.23 years), natural increase rate (//2//.272%), infant mortality rate (91.92 deaths/1,000 live births), and crude birth rate (37.39 births/1,000 population) are all very poor in this country and reflect its status as an LDC. Its AIDS epedemic also contributes to its poor demography. Ethiopia's industry is also lagging, and therefore most of the population is directly involved in agriculture. As a result, there are practically no consumer goods in the country, and the GDP per capita is extremely low ($700). The majority receive their energy through burning dung, wood, or crop residues, since they live in rural areas. Even though hydropower is dominantly used to create electricity, only a small amount of people have access to electricity, and they live in cities.

Within the next 50 years, Ethiopia will only slightly improve its standing within the world, mainly because it lacks neccessary funds to finance development. Ethiopia has proven resources of attainable petroleum and natural gas that it could sell on the world market for an excellent profit, yet they have not been extracted due to inefficient funds. If the country manages its money wiser, in the future these resources could greatly benefit the population. But for the most part, there is not much hope for Ethiopia. Demographic factors like life expectancy and infant mortality rate will likely improve slightly, but not greatly. Industry may grow, yet still well over 50% of the population will still be employed in agriculture, which will keep the GDP per capita low. Consumer goods may become more diverse and include more electronics, but still people will not be able to afford them because of their low income. International trade will most likely increase in the near future, and might be an important source of the country's GDP. It is hard to make an accurate prediction with a sub-Saharan African country like Ethiopia that is prone to political instability and ethnic internal conflict.

Information on Industry and Pollution:** [|**http://216.109.125.130/search/cache?ei=UTF-8&p=what+keeps+ethiopia+less+developed&fr=yfp-t-501&u=lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Ethiopia.pdf&w=keeps+keep+ethiopia+less+developed&d=dogrA_H_Qm8x&icp=1&.intl=us**] [|**http://www.ilri.org/InfoServ/Webpub/Fulldocs/Bulletin17/Factors.htm**] [|**http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ETH.html**] https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html
 * __Sources__
 * Energy Page, for information on the types of energy:**
 * Human Development Index Page, on the GDI and its rank:**
 * CIA World Factbook, for statistics on life expectancy, literacy rate, GDP per capita, etc. :**